BPSK
Binary Phase Shift Keying uses two phases, 180° apart.
SNR 18 dB
Modulation
Constellations
Scope-style displays for digital constellations and for FSK, MSK, AM and FM. Generated in the browser, not a recording from a Microark receiver.
QPSK
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying uses four phases, two bits per symbol.
SNR 18 dB
8PSK
Eight equally spaced phases carry three bits per symbol.
SNR 18 dB
16-QAM
Sixteen amplitude and phase states carry four bits per symbol.
SNR 18 dB
64-QAM
Sixty-four states carry six bits per symbol on a tighter grid.
SNR 18 dB
FSK
Frequency Shift Keying switches the carrier between two tones.
SNR 18 dB
MSK
Minimum Shift Keying is continuous-phase FSK with a constant envelope.
SNR 18 dB
AM
Amplitude Modulation varies the carrier strength with the message.
SNR 18 dB
FM
Frequency Modulation varies the carrier frequency with the message.
SNR 18 dB